A campaign in Serbia has organized people to spread pro-Gaddafi messages on the Internet. It helped to create moral support and encouraged a spirit of revolt against the governments. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi sent troops and tanks to break up the rebellion. [93], An estimated 13% of Libyan citizens were unemployed. [167] Many Islamists were part of the rebel movement in both eastern and western Libya. "[256], In response to the use of force against protesters, a number of senior Libyan public officials either renounced the Gaddafi government or resigned from their positions. Injured protesters were either summarily executed or had their oxygen masks, IV drips, and wires connected to the monitors removed. [170], Gaddafi's administration repeatedly asserted that the rebels included al-Qaeda fighters. Some outsiders infiltrated that group. It estimated that during the first few days of the conflict, 100 to 110 people were killed in Benghazi and 59 to 64 were killed in Bayda. We Are Free, "Qaddafi's Grip Falters as His Forces Take On Protesters", "Libyan rebels let Russian journalists go — RT News", "Rebel Leaders in Libya's Misrata Curb Press Freedoms as Casualties Mount", "BBC Crew Beaten and Given Mock Executions", "Killing of Al Jazeera Journalist Condemned", Freed journalists await word on missing driver, reflect on Libyan captivity, "Mohammad Nabbous, face of citizen journalism in Libya, is killed", "Ultranationalist Serbs Organize Pro-Qaddafi Campaign", "Reporting from Libya – Close your window", "No freedom for foreign press at Tripoli's Rixos hotel", "Muammar Gaddafi Using Civilians To Protect Key Sites", "Libyan Rebels Battle Qaddafi's Forces for Control of Cities", "Text of Leader's Speech to Misrata Tribes in Tripoli and its Suburbs 4th Addendum", "Libya's Prosecutor General Says Joins Opposition", "Libya's Ambassadors to India, Arab League Resign in Protest Against Government", "Libyan Ambassador to Belgium, Head of Mission to EU Resigns", "Libyan Ambassador Denounces Gadhafi At U.N", "Libyan embassy cuts ties with Gaddafi, as Australia considers evacuations", "Libyan Ambassadors in France Back Revolt", "Libyan Ambassador to Portugal Quits in Protest", "Ambassaden hissar Libyens frihetsflagga", "Libya's US Ambassador Resigns from 'Dictatorship, In a New Libya, Ex-Loyalists Race to Shed Ties to Qaddafi, "Two Libyan Fighter Pilots Defect, Fly to Malta", "Qaddafi's Hold on Libya Weakens in Protest Wave", "Libya's Crown Prince Says Protesters Will Defy 'Brutal Forces, "Libya's 'Exiled Prince' Urges World Action", "Libyan Crown Prince Urges No-Fly Zone, Air Strikes", "Libyan Crown Prince Speaks to EU Parliament", "Libia, principe Idris: "Gheddafi assecondi popolo o il Paese finirà in fiamme, "Who Is Moammer Gadhafi? Many Libyans were inspired by the uprisings in neighbouring countries, such as Tunisia and Egypt. Military units who joined the rebellion and many volunteers formed fighting units to defend against Jamahiriya attacks and to work to bring Tripoli under the influence of Jalil. No school. Oil Minister Shukri Ghanem and Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa fled Libya, with the latter defecting to the UK. Libya had welfare systems allowing access to free education, free healthcare, and financial assistance for housing, and the Great Manmade River was built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country. Protesters torched a number of government buildings, including a police station. A September 2013 report by The Independent shows that Libya had plunged into its worst political and economic crisis since the defeat of Gaddafi. The situation in Libya . [250] [142], In a statement released after clashes in Benghazi, a Libyan official warned that the Government "will not allow a group of people to move around at night and play with the security of Libya". Among those escaping the violence were native Libyans as well as foreign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks. THE ROLE OF DIGITAL MEDIA. [365] The conditions under which such support may be accepted are outlined in the Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets to Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies (MCDA), whereby military support can be used but only temporarily and as a last resort. He stated that the commission was intended to be "for members of Libyan and foreign organizations of human rights" and that it will "investigate the circumstances and events that have caused many victims. The conflict grew as thousands of people joined the protests. Libyan security forces fired live ammunition into the armed protests. [277] On 21 February, he made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising. [245], International journalists who attempted to cover the events were attacked by Gaddafi's forces. They were soon nicknamed the Libyan Revolution of Dignity by the protesters and foreign media. Local hospitals and clinics, even in areas considered under rebel control, were reporting hundreds of cases of gunshot wounds and the death toll was impossible to estimate. Il a été tué d’une balle dans la tête et son NATO/Libya : Allies Stress Their Unity of Objective, but Fail to Resolve all Their Differences In: EUROPE DIPLOMACY & DEFENCE, no. [292] Seventeen days later, a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which was taken in response to events then occurring during the conflict. [275] He also stated that he will support any form of government that Libya will choose after Gaddafi including a constitutional monarchy. War wounded were estimated as at least 50,000, of which about 20,000 were serious injuries, but this estimate was expected to rise. ", "Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya", "В Ливии на стороне правительства воюет немало зимбабвийцев", "Летало ли белорусское оружие в Ливию и Кот-д'Ивуар? Al-quaeda started bombing. In fact, most shipments for which Qatar paid went directly to the rebels. Journalists were prevented from travelling to the village of Dafniya and were turned back at rebel-held checkpoints. Dozens of them were arrested. [312], Early the following day, 24 August, Gaddafi broadcast an address from a Tripoli local radio station in which he said the withdrawal from Bab al-Azizia had been a "tactical" move. There were small battles until February 24, when Gaddafi sent tanks and troops into Misrata and attacked. Libya will show that these belonged to Al Qaeda. The rebels also won in Benghazi and other places. The effort was initially largely led by the United States. 9 Nov. [204], Gaddafi reportedly imprisoned thousands or tens of thousands of residents in Tripoli, with Red Cross denied access to these hidden prisons. Some academics believe that as the rebels were now the legitimate and effective government of the state of Libya, the conflict was "deinternationalised" and thus non-international in nature again. [215] According to David Roberts' analysis published by Foreign Policy, Belhaj – a "politically radioactive personality" – met with NATO officials at the end of August 2011 "under Qatar auspices. [214], Abdel Hakim Belhaj, the leader of Tripoli Military Council who had previously served as the leader of the 2004 U.S. terrorist-designated Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), was among the privileged recipients of shipments from Qatar. He also promised that international monitors would be included to ensure fair elections. "[211], Military advisors from Qatar participated on the side of the rebels,[212] and were sometimes labelled as "mercenaries" by the media. Libya's GDP per capita (PPP), human development index, and literacy rate were better than in Egypt and Tunisia, whose Arab Spring revolutions preceded the outbreak of protests in Libya. Al-Saadi Gaddafi (POW) A humanitarian ship docked in harbour of Misrata in April to begin the evacuation of stranded migrants. They violently protested against the government. [290], It is generally accepted that the military intervention by a multi-state coalition acting under the Security Council mandate since 19 March 2011 occasioned an international armed conflict between Libya and the intervening states. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer", "Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels", "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow", "Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission", "UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973", "Libya's Tribal Politics Key to Gaddafi's Fate", "Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries? [58][59], An independent newspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations. Suleiman Mahmoud[20] [96] These migrant workers were the bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the beginning of hostilities. Gaddafi said in a speech addressed to Benghazi on 17 March 2011 that the rebels "can run away, they can go to Egypt...Those who would surrender their weapons and would join our side, we are the people of Libya. [183] The exact same day, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting reported that the International Criminal Court estimated 10,000 had been killed. However, the report noted the rebels lacked a unified command and that Gaddafi loyalists and snipers remained at large in many areas of Tripoli. [161] The Benghazi-based opposition government had called for a no-fly zone and airstrikes against the Jamahiriya. The General People's Congress announced that, of 468 Basic People's Congresses, 64 chose immediate implementation while 251 endorsed implementation "but asked for (it) to be delayed until appropriate measures were put in place". Middle East/North Africa Report N°107", "Libye: de nouveaux morts lors d'une opération des forces libyennes", "Libyan demonstrators Say They'll Soldier on Despite Violent Crackdown", "Hip-hop is a soundtrack to the North African revolt", "Ibn Thabit: The Beat Behind Libya's Revolution", "In Eastern Libya, Defectors and Volunteers Build Rebel Army", "Pizza delivery service caters to Libya's front-line rebels", "World raises pressure on Libya, battles for key towns", "Why Won't You Help, Libyan Rebels Ask West", "As Tide Turns, Rebels' Dream Of 'Free Libya' Dims", "Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future", "The Most Troubling Reports About the Libyan Rebels", "Islamist Militia 'Shot Libya Rebel Abdel Fattah Younes, "Upbeat Gaddafi Fires Trademark Blast at West and Qaeda", "Libya: al-Qaeda Among Libya Rebels, Nato Chief Fears", "Halt To Rebel Advance Creates Libyan Divide", "Libya rebels: Gaddafi could be right about al-Qaeda", "WikiLeaks: Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader", "Gaddafi Says Protesters Are on Hallucinogenic Drugs", "Yemen Blames Israel and US; Qaddafi Accuses US – and al-Qaeda", "Three Scenarios for End of Gaddafi: Psychologist", "Gaddafi Warns of al-Qaeda Spread 'Up to Israel, "Gaddafi addresses Benghazi residents – Africa", "The Tyrant of Belarus: Gaddafi's Friend Far, Far to the North? [360] Jalal al-Digheily [115] With the establishment of the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses") system in 1977, he established the Revolutionary Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness, with the aim of direct political participation by all Libyans rather than a traditional party-based representative system. Er werd voor een resolutie gestemd die militair ingrijpen mogelijk maakte. They execute the people who are against them. According to Freedom House, however, these structures were often manipulated to ensure the dominance of Gaddafi, who reportedly continued to dominate all aspects of government. Al-quaeda started bombing. Authorizes Member States that have notified the Secretary-General, acting nationally or through regional organizations or arrangements, and acting in cooperation with the Secretary-General, to take all necessary measures, notwithstanding paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occ… Members of the Gaddafi family took flight to Algeria. [citation needed] On 10 March, the president of the ICRC Jakob Kellenberger warned of the increase in the intensity of fighting and in the number of casualties arriving at hospitals in Ajdabiya and Misrata. No hospital. [354][355], By the end of February 2011, supplies of medicine, fuel and food were dangerously low in Libya's urban centres. [350], Finally, it remains unsettled whether or not the rebels' overthrow of Gaddafi's government following the fall of Tripoli in August 2011 changed the nature of the conflict again. "[76] He abolished the Libyan Constitution of 1951, considering it a neocolonial document. The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued. The West Point analysis of these documents concluded that Libya provided "far more" foreign fighters in per capita terms than any other country. [99] Likewise, supply lines were run by volunteers. [286][383] The Zuwayya tribe, based in eastern Libya, threatened to cut off oil exports from fields in its part of Libya if Libyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators. [382] The Tuareg and Magarha tribes announced their support of the protesters. Mutassim Gaddafi † [195], On 19 February, several days after the conflict began, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi announced the creation of a commission of inquiry into the violence, chaired by a Libyan judge, as reported on state television. ", "Libya grants immunity to 'revolutionaries, "Special report: We all thought Libya had moved on – it has, but into lawlessness and ruin", "Death Toll in Libyan Popular Uprising at 10,000", "Al Jazeera Live Blog Libya – February 22", "At Least 3,000 Dead in Libya: Rights Group", "Uppsala conflict data program, Libya, Libya: government (entire conflict), viewed April 2013", "Uppsala conflict data program, Libya, 2011, viewed April 2013", "Transformations of Conflict Status in Libya", "Libya: ICRC Launches Emergency Appeal as Humanitarian Situation Deteriorates", "UN Says To Deliver First Food Aid in Libya Tuesday", UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, "IHH Sends Humanitarian Aid Ship to Libya", "Rockets Bombard Misrata, Rebels Say Eight Killed", "Live Update: Thousands Flee Across Libya–Tunisia Border", "Friend or Foe? It began in the middle of February 2011. Why? Muammar: You'd better give up 200,000 volunteers by war's end(NTC estimate)[49]. Two Libyan Air Force colonels each flew their Mirage F1 fighter jets to Malta and requested asylum, after being ordered to carry out airstrikes against civilian protesters in Benghazi. [148][149] In Tripoli, television and public radio stations had been sacked, and protesters set fire to security buildings, Revolutionary Committee offices, the interior ministry building, and the People's Hall.[150][151]. The organization stated that "It is reasonable to fear that he has, in fact, decided to largely eliminate, wherever he still can, Libyan citizens who stood up against his regime and furthermore, to systematically and indiscriminately repress civilians. [232], On 7 April, Reuters reported that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were sent into refugee camps to intimidate and bribe black African migrant workers into fighting for the Libyan state during the war. Major protests did not begin until 14 February 2011. [383], Many states and supranational bodies condemned Gaddafi's government over disputed allegations of air attacks on civilian targets within the country. [68], In August, rebel forces launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya, backed by a wide-reaching NATO bombing campaign, taking back territory lost months before and ultimately capturing the capital city of Tripoli,[69] while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a rearguard campaign. actors involved, casualties, date, location, etc. Some young protestors were also misled. The rebels won the battle and took control of the city. [120], The Green Book, which Gaddafi authored in the 1970s, was for years the principal text of political education. Abdul Fatah Younis † [127][128], In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. He officially stepped down from power in 1977, and subsequently claimed to be merely a "symbolic figurehead" until 2011, with the Libyan government up until then also denying that he held any power. On 23 November 2011, seven people were killed in clashes at Bani Walid, five of them among the revolutionary forces and one Gaddafi loyalist. [215][216] Jalal al-Dugheily, the NTC Defence Minister, was a Libyan army veteran who reportedly favoured Islamist militia leaders. "[372], It was also reported that some African women had said rebels were raping them in refugee camps, with additional reports of forced labour. [333], Bani Walid was captured by local tribal fighters on 23 January, due to the NTC's perceived inability to cooperate with them.
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