[183] The exact same day, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting reported that the International Criminal Court estimated 10,000 had been killed. [278] In March, it was reported Idris bin Abdullah had held meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government officials. "[114], In 1988, Gaddafi criticized the "excesses" he blamed on the Revolutionary Councils, stating that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression. "[374], In 2014 a former Gaddafi officer reported to the New York Times that the civil war was now an "ethnic struggle" between Arab tribes (like the Zintanis) against those of Turkish ancestry (like the Misuratis), as well as against the Berbers and Circassians. Muammar Gaddafi was the head of the Free Officers, a group of Arab nationalists that deposed King Idris I in 1969 in a "bloodless coup. [360], The Sunday Telegraph reported on 11 September that almost the entire population of Tawergha, a town of about 10,000 people, had been forced to flee their homes by anti-Gaddafi fighters after their takeover of the settlement. [223] A recruitment center for Malian soldiers leaving to Libya was found in a Bamako hotel. [279] On 3 March, it was reported that another member of the family, Prince Zouber al-Senussi, had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden. ", "На стороне Каддафи воюют белорусские партизаны", "Белорусские военные позволяют армии Каддафи противостоять НАТО", "Libya's Opposition Leadership Comes into Focus", "Nato strike 'kills Gaddafi's youngest son, "Feature Report – Long summer of civil war in Libya", "Jordan begins Libya police training programme", "Gadhafi Asks Obama To Call Off NATO Military Campaign", "Libya: How the Opposing Sides Are Armed", "Prisoners in Libya languish without charge", "Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war", "Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture", "There Was No Libyan Peaceful Protest, : Information Clearing House: ICH", "UN silent despite no basis for NATO's illegal war on Libya - Scoop News", "Libyan rebel commander admits his fighters have al-Qaeda links", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)&oldid=6891293, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, 5,904–6,626 opposition fighters and supporters killed (other estimates: see, 3,309–4,227 soldiers killed (other estimates: see. Mutassim Gaddafi † [214], After clashes between Government and anti-government forces, allegations arose of the Libyan Gaddafi using foreign mercenaries. [130] The plans to protest were inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution. [275] He also stated that he will support any form of government that Libya will choose after Gaddafi including a constitutional monarchy. Protesters torched a number of government buildings, including a police station. The victim's body showed signs of torture. The Rebels' launched a counter-offensive on March 27 that lasted until April 1. [62] Human Rights Watch has countered that while many foreign migrants were erroneously accused of fighting with Gaddafi, there were also genuine mercenaries from several nations who participated in the conflict. The Economist correspondent in Tripoli noted "The picture presented by the regime often falls apart, fast. On 24 February, Libya's ambassador to Malta said that Gaddafi's government believed the number of dead to be about 300, including civilians, police officers, and soldiers. [100], Several foreign governments and analysts have stated that a large share of the business enterprise was controlled by Gaddafi, his family, and the government. [367][368][369], An Amnesty International statement, released on 30 August 2011, stated that on visits to detention centres in Zawiya and Tripoli, Amnesty International was informed that between one third and half of those detained were from Sub-Saharan Africa. [18][223][224][225] Locals in Mali said they were promised €7,500 ($10,000) upfront payment and compensation up to €750 ($1,000) per day. Their war is a tradition that passes from father to son and without a motive but the rivalry between the peasants. Consequently, these authors would consider that the international nature of the conflict remained unchanged until the end of hostilities. Some top government officials opposed the plan, saying that it would "wreak havoc" in the economy by "fanning inflation and spurring capital flight". Suleiman Mahmoud[20] They violently protested against the government. [150], Later in February, Gaddafi stated that the rebels were influenced by Al-Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, and hallucinogenic drugs put in drinks and pills. He also stated that NATO offered to drop the ICC charges against him and his father if they accept a secret deal, an offer they rejected. There were also reports of harassment and theft by rebels; however, the rebel army indicated it would leave unarmed civilians "to their own devices", and had allowed families in the city access to supplies and medical assistance. [62], The Libyan government alleged that the armed rebellion was composed of "criminal gangs and mercenaries. Among those, escaping the violence, were native Libyans as well as foreign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks. Omar El-Hariri[19] According to Moreno-Ocampo, "shooting at protesters was systematic". In September, the Gaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid was besieged by rebels, who reported that Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam was hiding in the city. [62], The validity of the rape allegations is questioned by Amnesty International, which has not found evidence to back up the claims and said that there are indications that on several occasions the rebels in Benghazi appeared to have knowingly made false claims or manufactured evidence. [73][74] A much greater issue has been the role of militias which fought in the civil war and their role in the new Libya. Gaddafi said that he had not yet ordered the use of force, and threatened that "everything will burn" when he did. Jalal al-Digheily Libya Revolt of 2011, popular uprising in Libya inspired by the Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia. Libyan security forces fired live ammunition into the armed protests. Al-quaeda started bombing. [133] Social media played a central role in organizing the opposition. ", "Violent Repression of Protests Rocks Libya, Bahrain, Yemen", "Bahrain in Crisis and Middle East Protests – Live Blog", "Libyans Protest over Delayed Subsidized Housing Units", "Libya Protest over Housing Enters Its Third Day", "Muammar Gaddafi Condemns Tunisia Uprising", "Libyan Writer Detained Following Protest Call", "Arab Spring domino effect: Gaddafi is gone, will Syria's al-Assad be the next Arab autocrat toppled? [77][78] While he was popularly seen as a demagogue in the West, Gaddafi always portrayed himself as a statesman-philosopher. Chair: Professor Mats Berdal, Director, Conflict, Security and Development Research Group (CSDRG) & Programme Director, MA in Conflict, Security and Development. Journalists were not allowed to go anywhere, or talk to anyone, without authorization from Gaddafi's officials who always followed them. According to RT.com, rebels abducted five journalists from Russia in April 2011 in Ajdabiya: they reportedly took away the journalists' documents and equipment before releasing them. [291], The Royal Canadian Navy frigate HMCS Charlottetown was deployed to the Mediterranean off the coast of Libya on 2 March 2011, but did not take immediate action once arrived. You cannot escape Voters Back Obama's Decision To Establish No-Fly Zone in Libya", "Qatar, several EU states up for Libya action: diplomat", "Paris Summit Talks To Launch Military Action in Libya", "Libya: President Obama Gives Gaddafi Ultimatum", "Libya: RAF Jets Join Attack on Air Defence Systems", "Deal Puts NATO at Head of Libyan Operation", "Libya No-Fly Zone Leadership Squabbles Continue Within Nato", "Phoenix:Russia government recognized The NTC of Libya as a legitimate dialogue partner", "Rebels dismiss election offer, NATO pounds Tripoli", "Gaddafi's son: Libya like McDonald's for NATO – fast war as fast food", "Gaddafi's rule crumbling as rebels enter heart of Tripoli", "Libyan rebel forces penetrate Qaddafi's compound", "Rebels Hunt Qaddafi; Journalists in Hotel Are Free", "Libya: Gaddafi son spotted in Bani Walid as heavy fighting continues", "Libyan rebels discover Gaddafi's chemical weapons", "Gaddafi determined to avoid Saddam Hussein's fate", "Ferocious fighting in Sirte as NTC tightens grip – Channel 4 News", "Gaddafi loyalists stranded as battle for Sirte rages", "Sina:Russia government recognized The NTC of Libya as the only Legal regime in Libya", "China denies report, says it did not sell weapons to Libya", "China Sought to Sell Arms to Qaddafi, Documents Suggest", "Libyans say China, Europe sent arms to Gaddafi", "spokeswoman of Chinese Foreign Ministry-Ma Chaoxu said China recognized The NTC of Libya as the only Legal regime in Libya", "Sohu:The Libyan NTC said it will be a very hardship environment to a China, Russia or India oil company to acquired a new exploration contract", "Fresh clashes in Libya's Bani Walid; U.N. says 7,000 held in militia prisons", "Abdul Jalil appoints head of Libyan armed forces, warns of civil war", "Deadly clash of militias in Libyan capital Tripoli", "Will new army chief end the bloodshed in Libya? [161] The Benghazi-based opposition government had called for a no-fly zone and airstrikes against the Jamahiriya. [365] Despite this, offers continue for the creation of an aid corridor and aid agencies have accepted military logistical support in the past, for instance in the 2010 Pakistan floods response. [89][90] [206] Human rights groups and aid workers had previously documented rapes by loyalist fighters during the war. Our revenge will catch you [240][241][242] Despite this, Libya's Human Development Index in 2010 was the highest in Africa and greater than that of Saudi Arabia. Citizens were said to be able to express opinions to the congresses on political, economic, social, and cultural issues. ", "Arab Spring: timeline of the African and Middle East rebellions", "Libya Protests Build, Showing Revolts' Limits", "Twitter and Other Services Create Cracks in Gadhafi's Media Fortress", "Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring? [127][128], In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. Capture de Kadhafi du 15 février jusqu'au 23 octobre 15 février 2011: Octobre 2011 Rebelles Libyens LA MORT DE KADHAFI SURVIENT LE 20 OCTOBRE alors qu’il tentait de prendre la fuite de Syrte par voiture, il est bombardé par l’OTAN. The history of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi spanned 42 years from 1969 to 2011. According to Western diplomats, this move appeared to be aimed at putting pressure on the government to speed up reforms. In 1975 he published his manifesto The Green Book. [254] Amnesty International cited claims that Gaddafi had placed his tanks next to civilian facilities, using them as shields. [323][324] Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu has confirmed arms sales talks with Gaddafi forces, but no arms were delivered. [351][352] Others maintain the opposite position, arguing that the available legal tests for "deinternationalisation" are unpersuasive and introduce vague and politicized criteria that cannot be satisfactorily considered in the heat of the battle. [93], An estimated 13% of Libyan citizens were unemployed. The staff of a number of diplomatic missions of Libya have either resigned or condemned the actions of the Gaddafi government. In fact, most shipments for which Qatar paid went directly to the rebels. [386], The disputed allegations about the Libyan government's use of the Libyan Air Force to strike civilians led to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to create a Libyan no-fly zone on 17 March, though several countries involved in the resolution's enforcement have also carried out regular strike missions to degrade the offensive capacity of the Libyan Army and destroy the government's command and control capabilities, effectively acting in de facto support of anti-Gaddafi forces on the ground. [190][191] Injured demonstrators were sometimes denied access to hospitals and ambulance transport. Learn more abut the Libya Revolt of 2011. [232], On 7 April, Reuters reported that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were sent into refugee camps to intimidate and bribe black African migrant workers into fighting for the Libyan state during the war. While most agree that the intensity of the fighting and the organization of the insurgents quickly rose to the level required for the existence of a non-international armed conflict under Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions,[345][346] the exact date when these conditions were considered fulfilled ranges from late February[347] to 10 March 2011. The conflict grew as thousands of people joined the protests. The government also banned giving blood transfusions to people who had taken part in the demonstrations. [215][217], Reuters had reported in May 2011 that rebels from eastern Libya – where Ghaddafi's rule had ended in early February – were negotiating with Qatari banks to "facilitate international money transfers in rebel-held areas, a move aimed at recapitalising banks and boosting the economy through trade. Amnesty International stated that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi sent troops and tanks to break up the rebellion. The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the International Criminal Court for investigation. [308], In July 2011, Saif al-Islam accused NATO of bombing Libyan civilians, including his family members and their children, under the false pretence that their homes were military bases. [31] Colonel Muammar Gaddafi sent troops and tanks to break up the rebellion. Guerre en Libye : la chronologie des ... ainsi que trois petits-enfants du dirigeant libyen. [341], The Uppsala Conflict Data Program, a public data resource that includes information on different types of organized violence (e.g. The Hamza Brigade fought for Gaddafi against the Rebels from 24 February to 12 March. [391], 2011 armed conflict in the North African country of Libya, This article is about the civil war in 2011. "[182], Libya's ambassador in Malta addressed that "many people instigating unrest were arrested. [99] Some Libyans said that they had found abandoned torture chambers and devices that had been used in the past. Rebels took the city of Ghadames near the borders of Tunisia and Algeria on 29 August. and on 22 February, The Economist described the protests as an "uprising that is trying to reclaim Libya from the world's longest-ruling autocrat". Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. M. (2011). In addition, some loyalist forces crossed into Niger, though the escape attempts exploded into violence when detected by Nigerien troops. Much of the state's income came from its oil production, which soared in the 1970s. [171] Rebels denied this. He also said that he had been receiving "thousands" of phone calls from Benghazi, from residents who were being held hostage and who wanted to be rescued. This is one reason why Gaddafi needs foreign fighters,"[227] Rumours of Serbian mercenary pilots participating on the side of Gaddafi appeared early in the conflict. NATO/Libya : Allies Stress Their Unity of Objective, but Fail to Resolve all Their Differences In: EUROPE DIPLOMACY & DEFENCE, no. [215] Cleric Ali al-Sallabi allegedly served as a primary "conduit for Qatari humanitarian aid, money and arms" and helped to direct more than a dozen of the Qatari shipments. He referred to the rebels as "cockroaches" and "rats", and vowed not to step down and to cleanse Libya house by house until the insurrection was crushed. [272] He dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the tribes have proven they are united". [335] By May 2014, conflicts between several factions in Libya had descended into a second civil war. [380] Since 24 March, the WFP supplied over 42,500 cooked meals for TCNs at the Saloum border. [303][304] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remained with coalition forces. [215] Dagher, Levinson, and Coker also wrote that some government officials in Tripoli claimed that Ghaddafi's fall did not cause those shipments to be suspended. The statement added: "The clashes last night were between small groups of people – up to 150. The West Point analysis of these documents concluded that Libya provided "far more" foreign fighters in per capita terms than any other country. Libye -- 1969-2011 Topic : Libye -- 1969-2011: Source file : RAMEAU: Field : Histoire du reste du monde: Variant subject headings : Jamahiriya arabe libyenne: The time : ... Libye -- 2011 (Guerre civile) Politique et gouvernement -- Libye -- 1969-2011. [293] the Royal Canadian Air Force, French Air Force, United States Air Force, and British Royal Air Force[294] undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by the Royal Navy. There was also the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group[169] and the Obaida Ibn Jarrah Brigade which has been held responsible for the assassination of top rebel commander General Abdul Fatah Younis. De resolutie zorgde er ook … The rebels also won in Benghazi and other places. "[200] Gaddafi's military commanders also reportedly executed soldiers who refused to fire on protesters. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 was adopted on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle and restricting their travel. [314] The rebels were reported as estimating 400 people had been killed and a further 2,000 injured in the battle. ", "Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya", "Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya", "African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate", "Libya: Gaddafi and His Mali-Chad Tuareg Mercenaries", "В Ливии на стороне правительства воюет немало зимбабвийцев", На стороне Каддафи воюют белорусские партизаны, Источник: освобожденный из плена в Ливии белорусский военный прибыл в Минск, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8451467/Female-Colombian-snipers-fighting-to-defend-Col-Gaddafi-in-Libya.html, "Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya", "Algeria May have Violated UN Resolution By Providing Weapons to Libya, US State Dept", https://www.nknews.org/2015/01/north-korea-and-libya-friendship-through-artillery/, https://web.archive.org/web/20110321212338/http://www.sudantribune.com/NAfrican-Union-demands-end-to%2C38339, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/06/17/russia-and-china-team-up-against-nato-libya-campaign/, https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-libya-idUKTRE71P1LO20110226, https://havanatimes.org/news/cuba-pulls-diplomats-out-of-libya/, https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-08-25/south-africa-sticks-gaddafi, https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/el-pais/choquehuanca-bolivia-reconocera-gobierno-transitorio-libia/20110910124900377464.html, https://www.the-star.co.ke/national/national/46949-pm-flays-au-over-libya-crisis/, https://www.uypress.net/Internacionales/Mujica-opino-sobre-la-muerte-de-Muamar-Gadafi-uc21199, https://archive.vn/20120907081245/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=40268, https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30517648.html, https://en.mercopress.com/2011/10/24/ecuador-president-condemns-killing-of-gaddafi-and-family-members-as-homicide, https://web.archive.org/web/20120323030200/http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2011/09/09/alba-asegura-que-solo-reconoce-a-gadafi/, "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence", "The rise of the 'Madkhalists': Inside Libya's struggle for religious supremacy", "Libya's Opposition Leadership Comes into Focus", "Nato strike 'kills Gaddafi's youngest son, "Feature Report – Long summer of civil war in Libya", "Jordan begins Libya police training programme", "Gadhafi Asks Obama To Call Off NATO Military Campaign", "Libya: How the Opposing Sides Are Armed", "Prisoners in Libya languish without charge", "Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government", "Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war", "Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture", "Libyan Rebels Pledge Free and Fair Election", "A Visual Look Back at the Libyan Revolution", "Opinion: On the second anniversary of the 17th February 2011 Revolution – reflections and considerations", "Amnesty questions claim that Gaddafi ordered rape as weapon of war", "Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya", "Security Council Authorizes 'All Necessary Measures' To Protect Civilians in Libya", "Gadhafi Blasts 'Crusader' Aggression After Strikes", "Libya accuses rebels of breaching truce", "Libyan rebels reject African Union road map – Africa", "Street fighting rages in Tripoli as Gaddafi loyalists fight rearguard action", "Gaddafi killed as Libya's revolt claims hometown", "Former Gaddafi stronghold revolts against Tripoli", "Qaddafi Is No Mubarak as Regime Overthrow May Trigger a 'Descent to Chaos, "Libyan minister claims Gaddafi is powerless and the ceasefire is 'solid, "Gaddafi Is Eccentric But the Firm Master of His Regime, Wikileaks Cables Say", "What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say? "[211], Military advisors from Qatar participated on the side of the rebels,[212] and were sometimes labelled as "mercenaries" by the media. [390], 100 countries recognized the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council as Libya's legitimate representative, with many of those countries explicitly describing it as the legal interim government of the country due to the perceived loss of legitimacy on the part of Gaddafi's government, though the National Transitional Council never obtained authority and security across all of Libya. [118], Dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973, and in 1974, Gaddafi asserted that anyone guilty of founding a political party would be executed. His speech was said to have caused a stir. They took more than 100 children whose whereabouts we do not know — maybe to Europe, to be evangelised. There were no combat casualties amongst the coalition forces, although one RAF airman was killed in an accident in Italy. [201] The International Federation for Human Rights reported a case where 130 soldiers were executed. 200,000 volunteers by war's end(NTC estimate)[49]. [166], The rebels primarily included civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, but also defected police officers and professional soldiers. Muammar: You have never served the people Mustafa Abdul Jalil[18] According to NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, Richard Engel, who entered Libya and had reached the city of Tobruk on 22 February 2011 was quoted as saying, "the protest movement is no longer a protest movement, it's a war. Weapons allegedly continued to be delivered to Islamist groups also in September 2011, after the removal of Libya's government. La guerre de Libye (2011) publié le 3 septembre 2014. [311] Later the same day, rebels blasted open the Bab al-Azizia compound in Tripoli through its north gates and stormed inside.
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