Constructed in 133 AD, Trajan's Column in ancient Rome commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. Generally it ignores the joints between column drums and the windows, in their regular, pre-determined positions, which have high relief, double-moulded frames. MONS ET LOCVS TANT[IS OPE]RIBVS SIT EGESTIS. Proportionierung des Inschriftalphabets und des Sockel der Traianssäule in Rom, Hamburg, Petersen, E., Domaszewski, A. von and Calderini, G. 1896: Die Marcus-Säule auf der Piazza Colonna in Rom, Monaco, Polito, E. 1998: Fulgentibus Armis. A change in plan for the layout of the internal staircase also necessitated raising the horizontal join between courses two and three so as not to make the soffit of the internal vestibule too thin, thus avoiding the danger of it cracking under the weight of stone piled above. Compared with the Column of Marcus Aurelius and many other monuments in Rome, Trajan’s Column is in pretty good condition. 92; 2001b). 63. Repairs were made to pedestal and shaft openings. Just as with the figure of San Paolo on the Marcus Column, the saint gazes towards the Vatican. Lower shaft looking NW (start of helical frieze at lowest SE window). Spiral staircase, top doorway, looking in and down (note graffiti). ), La Colonne Aurélienne. Employment of an ‘artificial’ module in the shaft design which dictated the space available for sculptural ornamentation has a major bearing on discussion of the helical frieze content. Corpus dei disegni, 1981-2001, Roma, Martines, G. 2001b: ‘Note di tecnica su Apollodoro di Damasco’, in Festa Farina et al. The Arch of Constantine also features freestanding statues of Dacian prisoners, presumably taken from the Forum of Trajan itself. Upper shaft exterior looking NNE (SW window alignment below broken top opening). Trajan, Roman emperor (98–117 CE) who sought to extend the boundaries of the empire to the east (notably in Dacia, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia), undertook a vast building program, and enlarged social welfare. Barbarian spolia entirely cover Sides 3-4 and on each die they are presented in two horizontal panels, one above the other. Ce complexe spectaculaire est le plus grand forum romain. On Side 4 the medial, vertical join between blocks E and F has been opened up massively, cutting down into the course below. The shaft surface is carved with a 200m. Trajan’s Column, monument that was erected in 106–113 CE by the Roman emperor Trajan and survives intact in the ruins of Trajan’s Forum in Rome. The photo gallery here reproduces the engravings made for the last two-thirds of the book: “Les Bas-Reliefs de la Colonne Trajane” (from page 61). Top of spiral satircase, inscribed Greek notice of Constantius II’s visit. Mediaeval scavengers knew exactly where metal clamps between stone blocks were located so that they could chisel in with the minimum of superfluous effort. They proceeded thereafter with a lower field until, towards the top, they realized they had over-compensated and had somewhat more space to fill, so the three windings were made especially high. The marble column is of the Roman Doric order, and it measures 125 feet (38 meters) high together with the pedestal, which contains a … to demonstrate the great height of the hill and the location of such work. Agrandir Original (jpeg, 502k) b) scène 9, détail. Study sheet with four soldiers' heads, after the Column of Trajan (design for a plate in ''Recueil de différents caractères des testes dessinées d'apres la Colonne Trajane'', etched by J.B. Hutin, published by Gabriel Huquier), François Boucher, after anonymous, 1760 - 1770 Mass. ; Wilson Jones 2000, 165). Colonne Trajane, scène LXI . Agosti, G. and Farinella, V. 1988a: ‘Nuove ricerche sulla Colonna Traiana nel Rinascimento’, in Settis, S. Colonne Trajane Colonne Trajane: La colonne Trajane : Lieu de construction : Regio VIII Forum Romanum Forums impériaux, forum de Trajan: Date de construction : 113 apr. On the latter stand two further cylindrical blocks which once supported a bronze statue of the emperor … Mid shaft, Scenes XCIV-CVII, looking N (loss of stone below drum joint in Scene CI). […] Intégralité des reliefs du monument, frise 4 sur 6. For larger parties of visitors, due to the balcony space and the narrowness of the staircase, it makes practical sense for a group of a dozen to climb up, view, then come back down, before the next twelve ascend. Découvrez vos propres épingles sur Pinterest et enregistrez-les. Cutting for a horizontal metal clamp has been made across the joint between blocks E and F. Side 3 has two pedimental channels, one small inside one large cut into block E, and a rectangular perforation in the second course across the vertical join, which at some point has been closed off using a cross of metal clamps. The course of this divider is very erratic, sometimes progressing horizontally for some way before necessarily stepping upwards to ‘catch up’ with the helix. and Al Azm, A.N. The courses are of unequal heights (bottom to top: 1.165, 1.695, 1.355, 1.940m. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the. (ed. The first illustration represents the principal (southeast) side of the … La colonne Trajane (en latin : Columna Traiani) est une colonne triomphale romaine située sur le forum de Trajan à Rome. A group of twelve people can comfortably stand on, and circulate around, the balcony. 77, 86). Study 76 Gothic Architecture flashcards from carly g. on StudyBlue. The remodelled top two drums and the statue of San Pietro. […] In addition, the exposure of the monument to winds with a higher saline content blowing up the Tiber from the sea more adversely affected the south and south-west facing surface than the other, more sheltered aspects (Armstrong 1983; Conti 2000, 248). and 2.445m.) ), Appearance and Essence. In their talons they each clutch the ends of a pair of hanging laurel swags. (9.5 x 24cm.) 2000a: The Column of Trajan, Roma, Coarelli, F. 2000b: ‘The Column of Trajan’, in Coarelli 2000a, 1-34, Conti, C. 2000: ‘The restoration of Trajan’s Column (1981-88)’, in Coarelli 2000a, 243-49, Evetts, L.C. Trajan's Column : "inventio", "compositio", "dispositio". La lisibilite des reliefs de la colonne Trajane, recemment au centre d'une polemique entre Paul Veyne et Salvatore Settis, serait donc effective. 1. 88). They are also of unequal breadths in the first and third courses: in the first the north-west block (A) is narrower (2.40m. J.-C, ordonné par Trajan, soit après l'inauguration du forum, qui a eu lieu en janvier 112. Érigé pour commémorer la victoire de l'empereur Trajan dans la guerre des Daces. sont présentés dans le musée de la civilisation romaine (Museo della civiltà romana) situé dans le quartier de l'EUR à Rome. 90-1). Above the flutings the Column’s Doric capital is decorated with an egg-and-dart frieze of 24 eggs on its echinus, and a band of bead-and-reel below it. Top of shaft, looking SE (flutings, bead-and-reel, egg-and-dart, abacus/balcony). J.-C. Ordonné par : Trajan: Type de bâtiment : Colonne commémorative: Le plan de Rome ci-dessous est intemporel. On each side of the pedestal, between a projecting lower base and a projecting upper cornice, the rectangular die is 3.05m. Helical frieze Scene CXLV (with ‘human’ scale, 1984). Cupid raising bunches of flowers with both arms Created around the same time. III). Apart from serious problems with the putative, continuously illustrated pictorial scroll concept, close examination of the Column reveals that the flutings are in higher relief than the frieze. Carving Trajan's Column discusses the process and techniques that actually produced the column and its decoration. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. high, standing on a 5.29m. On Side 1 the mouldings around the door are damaged and a segment of stone flanking the joint above the lintel has been lost. The latter number is extraordinary as a piece of geometric virtuosity because it was much easier to divide up a circle into 12 or 16 (Wilson Jones 1993, 30-1; 2000, 169; Martines 2000, 23, 27-8, Fig. 2000: ‘The Forum and Column of Trajan after the Fall of the Empire’, in Coarelli 2000a, 229-44, Catich, E.M. 1968: The Origins of the Serif: Brush Writing and Roman Letters, Davenport Iowa, Coarelli, F. items are depicted over all four sides at a scale of approximately 115% life-size. Top of the spiral staircase (lamp niche on left and surrounding graffiti). Access to the rear room was drastically narrowed, and, to accommodate the additional pier, the marble bench had to be chiselled away leaving a remnant zone of rough tool-marks (Martines 2001a, Pl. Bottom of shaft, Scenes III-IV (horizontal bar cutting). Pedestal Side 1 engraving (G.B. A channel for a bracing bar was cut into Scenes III-IV with the loss of much Danube water, and the lower part of the god’s torso, right forearm and hand. (ed.) Four eagles appear carved in high relief on top of the four corners of the pedestal, standing in front of the column base. Similarly stone has fallen away immediately below a joint between drums in a few places on the exterior, most seriously in Scenes CI and CXLVII where human figures have gone. Upper shaft, Scenes CXXXII to CLIV-V (stone missing around top window). 7 juin 2019 - Explorez le tableau « Luigi Valadier » de Marielle Noirot-Nérin, auquel 175 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. Le plan de Rome ci-dessous est intemporel. Ostia Capitolium threshold detail (in light drizzle). C. de Mourges frères, 1865 (OCoLC)794906376: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Wilhelm Froehner; Musée du Louvre. emphasizes the interpretation of the Column's narrative in … pp. The dividing band, 0.02-0.05m. It was carved following free-hand painting of the letters, without use of a cartoon or geometrically drafted letter forms (Evetts 1938; Catlich 1968; Ohlsen 1981; Kemp 1999). Francois Boucher’s plates from Recueil de Differents caraterres de Testes dessines d’apres la Colonne Trajane depart from his typical subject matter. A statue of San Pietro, the work of Sebastiano Torrigiano, was placed on the remodelled uppermost Trajanic marble block, and it bore an inscription on its lower back (Martines 2001, Pl. Spiral staircase, looking down (drum joint and window water ingress). Publication date 1865 Usage Public Domain Mark 1.0 Topics bub_upload, Trajan's Column (Rome, Italy), Sculpture, Bas-relief, Inscriptions, Latin Publisher Colonne 1976: La Colonne Trajane, les dossiers de l’archéologie 17, July-August, Dijon. For the Column the module was not exactly applied but increased slightly due to practical difficulties discovered and accommodated during execution. The overhanging balcony suffered considerable damage over time, and this in particular increased rain-wash erosion on the upper surface of the shaft. The square base of the column is shaped from the top two blocks of the pedestal, separate from the next block up which comprises a banded wreath and torus, plus the lowest part of the shaft, all carved in a single piece. TRAIANI) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate.It is located in Trajan's Forum, north of the Roman Forum. The door below the inscription is flanked and topped by sculpted military equipment. Externally the surfaces of the two drums above the balcony are also tooth-chisel dressed. Trajan’s Forum, hemicycle wall, looking SW (metal clamps quarried out from between blocks). 23, 28-9; Coarelli 2000b, Fig. The latter originally had a large integral bench. Trajan’s Column, pedestal block structure (drawing by Mike Bishop). Although the surface would have been prepared using a claw-chisel, hardly even did this preliminary work survive subsequent carving. Date 1532-36 Creator Baldassare Peruzzi Country Italy Current Site Rome Work Type Palaces, etc. La colonne trajane, au cœur de Rome, fut érigée par l'empereur Trajan ( 53-117 ac), au début du 1er siècle AC en 113. 1938: Roman Lettering. Colonne trajane - piedestal.jpg 2,281 × 1,521; 964 KB Columna lui Traian, Roma - detaliu- Portret de razboinic Dac.jpg 3,744 × 5,616; 10.43 MB D340- fragment de la colonne trajane -liv3-ch2.png 1,424 × 1,732; 861 KB A total of 185 steps took the visitor from the pavement outside the pedestal up to the balcony. A niche cut into the stone to take an oil-lamp on the wall just inside the staircase door may be an original provision. The shaft has a simple but effective form of refinement (entasis), with a vertical profile up the lower five and a half drums, an arced profile up the next five drums, and a tapering profile to the top (Wilson Jones 1999; 2000, 130, Fig. Elle a aussi servi de modèle pour des monuments plus récents célébrant la gloire d’autres monarques, comme la colonne Vendôme, à Paris, dédiée à l'empereur Napoléon Ier, qui reprend le principe du bas-relief en spirale, mais sous la forme de plaques de bronzerevêtant un noyau de maçonn… Ethyl silicate was employed to stabilise surfaces and a hydraulic mortar of lime and pozzolana to fill cracks (Conti 2000, 248). Détail d’une inscription grecque trouvée sur une colonne ionique construite durant la période hellénistique et romaine dans la portion sud de l’Agora d’Aphrodisias – Turquie Érechthéion sur l’Acropole d’Athènes, Ve siècle av. maximus, tribune’s power for the 17th time, acclaimed imperator for the 6th time, consul for the 6th time, father of the state, On Trajan’s Column the drum joint comes across Victory’s lower legs and drapery with no displacement (Scene LXXVIII.1). It is made up of eight rectangular blocks (A-H, as designated by Martines) laid in pairs, cross-wise, in alternating courses (Martines 2001a, Pl. A good example of this precision may be observed on outside of the hemicycle wall of Trajan’s Forum. 1. As part of a wide-ranging series of monumental restorations, Pope Sixtus V ordered work on Trajan’s Column, overseen by Domenico Fontana and Carlo Maderno. Upper shaft looking SE (narrow frieze field, broadest top three windings). Rome, Italy.jpg, Колонна Траяна ( для танкистов - не путаем с трОяном) - panoramio.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Trajan%27s_Column&oldid=338788387, Uses of Wikidata Infobox providing interwiki links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 25). DCLXV La colonne Trajane is a must-see and must-read for all those interested in Roman sculpture and Roman history. Contact us Contact Client Service info@christies.com. Colonne Trajane. high, carved to form a wreath of double laurel leaves with berries, spirally bound by an edged and decorated fillet. Colonne Trajane Matériaux, poids et la élévation La colonne est composée de 20 tambours de marbre Carrara qui pèse chacune 32 tonnes. Augustan Tomb of Cestius, Porta Ostiense, Roma. Indeed the first course blocks diverge slightly in dimensions, and some adjustments were necessary within a 0.05m. AD DECLARANDVM QVANTAE ALTITVDINIS : Edition illustrée avec les photographies exécutées en 1862 pour napoléon iii en 1862 (Picard histoire de l'art) (French Edition) [Stefan, Chew, Hélène] on Amazon.com. Ministère de la maison de l'empereur et des beaux-arts. The most substantial damage has been caused over time by the robbing of recyclable components, as is common with other metropolitan buildings. This was presumably designed to improve the integrity of the overall pedestal, but also may have been influenced by the geological availability of the monolithic blocks in the quarry. Scholars have made much of this feature, and some have concluded that the intended concept was that of an illustrated book-roll (rotulus) wound around the shaft. C'est pas sorcier -Pont du Gard et Arènes de Nîmes : L'architecture gallo-romaine - Duration: 26:16. « Deux tem-ples couronnent la plateforme du rocher qui domine la côte se dresse un sanctuaire de proportions moins considérables, mais plus gracieux de forme ; la statue de la divinité que l'on voit à l'intérieur (le sculpteur l'a pla- The capital and balcony are also one block (c.56 tons), and two smaller drums were stacked above to provide a base for a crowning bronze statue (Martines 2001a, Pl. The upper middle third course and the middle of the four has broken zones, perhaps in the last marking the area of a lost window. comm. Openings were broken right through the thickness of the outer wall in some cases, damaging the helical frieze with consequent loss of some human figures (notably in Scenes VI; XLIII.2; LVI-VII; LXII.1; LXXIII.11-16; LXXXII.1, 3; XCII; CIV.5; CIII.10, 12, 14, 16; CXV; CXXVI.9-11; CXXXIX.9-CXL.1). This had major implications for the sculptures carved on the pedestal dies after assembly. (ed.) La Dacia a été l'une des dernières provinces annexées à l'Empire romain [28] et il a été l'un des premiers à être abandonné, l'abandon qui a commencé dès 256, après 150 ans depuis la création, et a pris fin en 271. causing some cracking and damage to the internal staircase and external surface. high (Rockwell 1993, 238-39, Table 1-2; Beckmann 2006, 233-34). The latter curve down shallowly to rest on the top of the pedestal cornice. The weight of the building was taken on the central shaft and the outer wall, but the helix also channelled the downward thrust in a novel manner. Piranesi). (26.1 x 21.2cm) Identifier mma_drawing_for_la_colonne_trajane_334847 TRAJANA La colonne de cavalerie 72038 Trajans en vol Italie Romaine. Of the four eagles standing on the corners, the west and north have been broken away entirely, while the south and east have lost their heads. This layout is reflected on the designs of commemorative Trajanic coin issues depicting the Column (e.g. Category: Travel and Places Édition illustrÉe avec les photographies exÉcutÉes en 1862 pour napolÉon iii (a. et j. picard, paris 2015). […] the imperator Caesar, son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Trajan’s Column, Scene LXXVIII, Louis XIV inscription. The architect of the Forum of Trajan employed 100-foot modules in the layout of the complex, probably 400 feet long and 200 feet wide for the piazza; 200 feet wide and 600 feet long for the Basilica Ulpia. 8.9). 1969: Die Trajanssäule, Bucaresti and Bonn, Francesi 1988:  La Colonna Traiana e gli artisti francesi da Luigi XIV a Napoleone I, Roma, Froehner, W. 1872-74: La Colonne Trajane, Paris, Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. 2005: The Seven Hills of Rome. Il a la place à arcades, la Basilique Ulpia, la colonne Trajane et le temple de Trajan. 1. The ceiling is one smooth, continuous surface. The base of the pedestal is plain with two registers separated by a chamfer, and is crowned by an astragal decorated with guilloche, a narrow fillet, a cyma decorated with a double line of acanthus leaves, and a cable moulding (Martines 2001a, Pl. The former doubled the thickness of the wall of blocks A, B and D. The latter supported the central block which bore the weight of the central column of the spiral staircase. Plan. : Edition illustrée avec les photographies exécutées en 1862 pour napoléon iii en 1862 (Picard histoire de l'art) (French Edition) La Colonne Trajane De près de 40 mètres de hauteur, elle est le seul monument du forum qui soit parvenu en état parfait. 106). Two windows are positioned in the pedestal on the north-east and south-west sides (Sides 2 and 4), plus the damaged void of a third(?) ; France. on the north-west side (Side 3), in order to illuminate the back room to best effect in the afternoon, and the middle of the first and second(?) Les 200 mètres de la Stained continue frise enroulée autour de la tige pour 23 fois, [5] comme si elle était un rouleau de papyrus ou de tissu, et supporter environ 100-150 scènes (selon la façon dont sont entremêlés) animés d'environ 2500 figures. The overall height is 35.07m. Ministère de la maison de l'empereur et des beaux-arts. London +44 (0)20 7839 9060. infoasia@christies.com. Seventeen drums are stacked to form the rest of the shaft, each weighing approximately 29-33 tons after sculpting. 10). Through the Mediaeval period detritus built up around the pedestal of Trajan’s Column, to some extent protecting its sculptural detail. [Rome] : École française de Rome, 2007 (OCoLC)608432167 Online version: Galinier, Martin. Paris, Typ. 25 mars 2018 - Cette épingle a été découverte par Françoise Perdrizet. This meant that the vertical joints were not directly aligned. They follow the joint between courses, with some marginal overlap. Cette séance mêle des textes français et une inscription en latin (poème de Hugo « À la Colonne de la place Vendôme » dans Odes et Ballades et inscription en latin à la base de la colonne Vendôme). Trajan's Column, Rome, Italy, Europe Categories & Keywords. The photo gallery here reproduces the engravings made for the last two-thirds of the book: “Les Bas-Reliefs de la Colonne Trajane” (from page 61). Progressing up the shaft, the sculptors were moderately confident until just over half-way through the work, when they seem to have feared that space was running out. The latter had its drums rotated by up to 0.104m. Pedestal staircase first flight, looking NW and up (upper right window; block joint C-E far wall). The lettering, on which many modern typefaces are directly based, has always been considered as the finest manifestation of the Roman epigraphic artform. The type of stone has been securely identified by isotopic analysis (Martines 2000). Trajan, augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, pontifex Froehner, W. 1872-74: La Colonne Trajane, Paris Galinier, M. 2007: La colonne Trajane et les Forums impériaux , Collection de l’École française de Rome 382, Roma Gori, A.F. Overall, something in the order of 988 tons of marble made up the finished monument (Coarelli 2000b, Fig. An engaged bronze foot and the head were reportedly discovered in the 16th century, but were subsequently lost (Coarelli 2000b, 27). Froehner, La Colonne Trajane (grande édition), t, I, p. 17. L’Architettura di Apollodoro nella Cultura Classica, Roma, Florescu, F.B. Elle a aussi servi de modèle pour des monuments plus récents célébrant la gloire d’autres monarques, comme la colonne Vendôme, à Paris, dédiée à l'empereur Napoléon Ier, qui reprend le principe du bas-relief en spirale, mais sous la forme de plaques de bronzerevêtant un noyau de maçonn… 23). to a minimum of 3.29m. Notes. Ils racontent, du point de vue des Romains, le déroulement des guerres que Trajan a menées en Dacie. La colonne fut érigée sous le règne de l'empereur Trajan, de 107 à 113, peut-être par l'ingénieur Apollodore de Damas, dont le rôle dans la construction de l'ensemble du forum de Trajan n'est pas bien établi : il est possible que celui-ci ait seulement supervisé les travaux. It has the effect of making the upper four lines, the imperial names and titulature appear larger, but also may owe something to the layout with space effectively running out the further the painter worked down. wide. The cornice consists of a bead-and-reel astragal, a narrow fillet, a cyma recta decorated with a double row of upward pointing acanthus leaves, a narrow fillet, an ovolo moulding with bead-and-reel, a plain projecting moulding, an ovolo with two rows of narrow leaves pointing downwards, and a narrow fillet. Drawing for "La Colonne Trajane" Depicts same location. The area around the window in Scenes CLIV-V has very badly cracked with loss of a sizeable piece of marble. This further erratic element also has implications for the frieze sculptures. ; the top three windings are 1.06-1.45m. 1 Boucher (Paris, 1703-1770) was widely admired for his Rococo-style drawings and etchings, often in the form of portraits of wealthy and powerful peers. This all indicates that the helical frieze was not planned in detail, or even laid out on the shaft ahead of sculpting work. straight flights of stairs. Cut on the small pedestal which supports Victory’s shield in Scene LXXVIII, the text can only be seen on the original stone in raking light: A(nno) D(omini) M Pedestal stair first flight, looking SE and down (block joints B-C-F; left window; lamp niche on far wall). The monument was cleaned using a mist of fresh water. high pedestal, and made of Carrara marble. CO XIV. Monolithic blocks were similarly employed for the surviving thresholds of such buildings as the Augustan Temple of Concord in the Forum Romanum, the Trajanic-Hadrianic Pantheon, and the Hadrianic Capitolium at Ostia. A cavetto profile to the upper level of the pedestal forms the space occupied by ribbons and swags below the column base proper (Martines 2001a, Pl. Coulston, J.C.N. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The treaders of the stairs are somewhat worn, and in a few places segments of the ceiling have broken away along the lines of drum joints, probably due to earthquake damage (Cinzia Conti, pers. LE MONDE ANTIQUE 19 Colonne Trajane scène LXXV reddition des Daces la fin de la première guerre détail) 20 Colonne Trajane scène xxxix soumission ambassade soldats au travail captifs 1184. The clamps linking the marble components of the Column were quarried out, including the four between each drum of the shaft removed from inside the staircase. Haute de 40 mètres elle est exceptionnelle à bien des égards. Side 1 (door) is dominated by the dedicatory inscription (CIL VI.960) within a tabula ansata, born by two opposed Victories. 301, pls. Upper pedestal, looking South (torus damage). Pedestal staircase, third flight, looking NW and down (left infill repair, block joint E-H at end). 2001, 20-30, Monte, M. del and Sabbioni, C. 1987: ‘A study of the patina called ‘scialbatura‘ on imperial Roman marbles’, Studies in Conservation 32.3, 114-21, Monte, M. del, Ausset, P. & Lefevre, R.A. 1998: ‘Traces of the colours on Trajan’s Column’, Archaeometry 40, 403-12, Ohlsen, W. 1981: Monumentalschrift. email: jcnc@st-andrews.ac.uk, Description and Condition of Trajan’s Column. This has greatly brightened up the monument, and it is hoped that decreased emissions in the city will retard the future build up of surface pollutants. Spiral staircase, looking up (drum joint; right window, left clamp removal). Temple of Concord, Forum Romanum, Rome, Augustan threshold of two continuous blocks of portasanta marble. Accession_number 58.607.1 Addeddate 2014-02-26 02:16:28 Dimensions 10 1/4 x 8 3/8in. Two Greek inscriptions at the top of the staircase date to this episode (Cinzia Conti pers. long helical frieze progressing upwards in an anti-clockwise course, which has 23.25 windings covering a shaft face area of approximately 284 square metres. Colonne Trajane à Rome : Détail du fût. The balcony was refaced and clamped, and its sides carry the main monumental inscription: SIXTVS V B(eato) APOST(oli) PON(tificatus) A(nno) III (see Martines 2001a, Pl. Stone has fallen away below the joint leaving the third course (E and F) jutting outward. A total of 185 steps took the visitor from the pavement outside the pedestal up to the balcony.